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Statistics And Probability


Subject: Statistics and probability
General Definitions
Parameter:
Any numerical Quantity which is calculated from the population data is called a parameter. A parameter has only a single fixed value therefore it is a constant Quantity.
A descriptive measure of population is called a parameter.
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Name of branches of Statistics
1.      Descriptive statistics
2.      Inferential statistics
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Observation:
Any recording of information is called observation.
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Data:
Collection of information is called data.
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Primary data:
Primary data are those which are collected for the first time and they are original in character and have not undergone any statistical treatment.
Secondary data:
Secondary data are those that are already collected by someone else and have gone any sort of statistical treatment at least once.
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 Assignment No# 01
Explain the difference between the followings
Variable:
 A variable is a characteristic that changes either in Quality or in Quantity with an individual or an object.
For example
Ø  Height and weight of a student
Ø  Prices of Goods
Ø  Family size
Ø  Beauty
Constant:
A Quantity that can assume only one value is called constant.
For example
Ø  Π=3.14159  
Ø  e=2,71828        
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Discrete Variable:
A variable that can assume only some specific values within a given range is called discontinuous or discrete variable.
For example
Ø  Number of children in a family
Ø  Number of pages in a book
Ø  Number of Rooms in a house
Ø  Number of students in a class
Continuous Variable:
A variable that can assume any value within a given range is called a continuous variable.
For Example
Ø  Height and weight of a student
Ø  Speed of a car
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Population (Universe):
The collection of all individual items or data under consideration in statistical study is called population.
For Example
The total number of students in a certain college can be said as the student’s population of the college.
Sample:
A sample is a part of population which is selected with the expectation that it will represent the characteristics of the population.
For Example
A food inspector takes a sample of the food items like milk and flour etc. to determine where they are pure or not.
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Descriptive Statistics:
It is a type of statistics in which we deal with the collection of data, its presentation in various forms, Such as tables, Graphs, Diagrams, finding averages and the other measures which would be describe the data.
Inferential Statistics:
It is a type of statistics in which we deal with the Drawing inferences about population on the basis of sample is called inferential statistics.
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Statistic:
Any numerical Quantity which is calculated from the sample data is called statistic.
OR
A descriptive measure of sample is called statistic or parameter.
Statistics:
Statistics may be defined as a collection, presentation, analysis and interpretation of numerical data.
Q=> Why are samples used in statistics?
Population is difficult to study .To infer about a population, we usually select and analyze a sample.
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Quantitative Variable:
A variable that can assume a numerical value is called a Quantitative Variable.
For Example
Ø  Height
Ø  Weight
Ø  Temperature
Ø  Family size
Qualitative Variable:
A variable that cannot assume numerical values but can be classified in two or more non-numerical categories is called a Qualitative Variable and it is also called Attribute.
For Example
Ø  Eye color
Ø  Education Level
Ø  Beauty
Ø  Taste
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