The Current Situation in Pakistan Pakistan continues to face multiple sources of internal and external conflict. While incidences of domestic terrorism have reduced, in part due to measures taken by the Pakistani state, extremism and intolerance of diversity has grown. There is some recognition by the state that instead of merely kinetic responses holistic counterterrorism policies are needed to counteract this trend. The growing extremism has been fueled by a narrow vision of Pakistan’s national identity, threatening the country’s prospect for social cohesion and stability. The inability of state institutions to reliably provide peaceful ways to resolve grievances has encouraged groups to seek violence as a legitimate alternative. While peaceful political transitions occurred in both 2013 and 2018, the country is still facing mounting debt crisis and a perennial trade imbalance on the economic front.Furthermore, Pakistan’s high-profile disputes with neighboring India and Afghanistan h...

Lecture No# 1 Operational Research It is a scientific approach to determine the optimum solution to a decision problem under the restriction of limited resources using the mathematical techniques to model analyze and solve the problem. OR Operational Research (O.R) is an art of wining wars without actual fighting. (Arthur Clark) OR It is a scientific approach to problem solving for executive achievement. (H.M Wagner) History of Operational Research O.R came into existence during world war two when the British and American military management called upon a group of scientist with diverse.   Educational Background namely Biology, Physics, Mathematics, Psychology etc. to develop and apply scientific approach to deal with the strategic and technical problem of various military operations. The object was to allocate scare resources in an effective manner to various military operations and to the activities within each operation. The name O.R came directly f...